ԭ⡿ \(\{a_0,a_1,a_2\cdots\}\) \(\{b_0,b_1,b_2,\cdots\}\) ijʼΪ \(a_0=\sqrt{3},~b_0=2\)еͨеƹϵ
\[
a_{n+1}=\frac{a_n+b_n}{2},\qquad b_{n+1}=\sqrt{a_{n+1}b_n}
\label{abndef}\tag{#}
\]
Լ㼫 \(\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}a_n\) \(\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}b_n\) ֵ֮
ǰѴļΪ \(a=\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}a_n\) Լ \(b=\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}b_n\)
עҲһ塱ʸպøһ෴һòʵʼЩܱȷ˵˲ͬǣȷ \(a,b\) ķ̴ӱϿǹģ \eqref{abndef} еĵʽ \(a_{n+1}=f(a_n,b_n),~b_{n+1}=g(a_{n+1},b_n)\)ڼ \(n\to\infty\) γɷ \(a=f(a,b),~b=g(a,b)\)һȻǣͨ÷鼴ɵó \(a,b\) ֵ֮
ȻʵвͨģΪڼ \(n\to\infty\) £\eqref{abndef} еĵʽ˻ΪĴ̣Ǿȼڴϵ \(a=b\)֮Ѱİ취ܹóĽе \(\{a_n\}\) \(\{b_n\}\) ͬһۣȴòڴ˼ֵϢΪ˱ϢĶʧDzòȡ \(n\to\infty\) ֮ǰֵ \eqref{abndef} ʽ
⡿ȣ \eqref{abndef} ʽɷóͨ \(a_n,b_n\) Ժȡֵͨ
\[
\frac{a_{n+1}}{b_{n+1}}=\sqrt{\frac{a_{n+1}}{b_n}}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}\left(1+\frac{a_n}{b_n}\right)}
\label{a/b}\tag{\$}
\]
\(a_0/b_0=\sqrt{3}/{2}<1\)ڹɷ \(a_n/b_n<1\) ° \eqref{a/b} ƶ \(a_{n+1}/b_{n+1}< \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}(1+1)}=1\)ʶ \(n\) \(0< a_n< b_n\)ǰǿ \(\theta_n\) ʹ \(\cos\theta_n=a_n/b_n~(n=0,1,2,\cdots)\)ر𣬵 \(n=0\) ʱ \(\theta_0=\arccos(\sqrt{3}/2)=\pi/6\)
ֽ \eqref{a/b} ʽȼ۵д
\[
\cos\theta_{n+1}=\sqrt{\frac{1+\cos\theta_n}{2}}=\cos\frac{\theta_n}{2}
\]
ʽݹȷ˸ \(\theta\) ֵ֮
\[
\theta_n=\frac{\theta_{n-1}}{2}=\frac{\theta_{n-2}}{2^2}=\cdots=\frac{\theta_0}{2^n}=\frac{\pi}{2^n\cdot 6}
\label{theta-sol}\tag{%}
\]
һ棬 \eqref{abndef} ɵ
\[
b_{n+1}^2-a_{n+1}^2=a_{n+1}(b_n-a_{n+1})=\frac{a_n+b_n}{2}\cdot\frac{b_n-a_n}{2}=\frac{b_n^2-a_n^2}{4}
\]
Ӹʽݹض
\[
\sqrt{b_n^2-a_n^2}=\frac{\sqrt{b_{n-1}^2-a_{n-1}^2}}{2}=\frac{\sqrt{b_{n-2}^2-a_{n-2}^2}}{2^2}=\cdots=\frac{\sqrt{b_0^2-a_0^2}}{2^n}=\frac{1}{2^n}
\]
\begin{align}
b_n&=\frac{1}{2^n\cdot\sqrt{1-(a_n/b_n)^2}}=\frac{1}{2^n\cdot\sqrt{1-\cos^2\theta_n}}=\frac{1}{2^n\sin\theta_n}=\frac{2^{-n}}{\sin(2^{-n}\cdot\theta_0)}
\\
a_n&=b_n\cos\theta_n=\frac{1}{2^n\tan\theta_n}=\frac{2^{-n}}{\tan(2^{-n}\cdot\theta_0)}
\end{align}
\(n\to\infty\)֪ļʽ \(\lim\limits_{\lambda\to 0}\dfrac{\sin(\lambda\theta)}{\lambda}=\lim\limits_{\lambda\to 0}\dfrac{\tan(\lambda \theta)}{\lambda}=\theta\)
\[
\fbox{\(\displaystyle\lim_{n\to\infty}a_n=\lim_{n\to\infty}b_n=\frac{1}{\theta_0}=\frac{6}{\pi}\)}
\]
\[
a_{n+1}=\frac{a_n+b_n}{2},\qquad b_{n+1}=\sqrt{a_{n+1}b_n}
\label{abndef}\tag{#}
\]
Լ㼫 \(\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}a_n\) \(\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}b_n\) ֵ֮
ǰѴļΪ \(a=\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}a_n\) Լ \(b=\lim\limits_{n\to\infty}b_n\)
עҲһ塱ʸպøһ෴һòʵʼЩܱȷ˵˲ͬǣȷ \(a,b\) ķ̴ӱϿǹģ \eqref{abndef} еĵʽ \(a_{n+1}=f(a_n,b_n),~b_{n+1}=g(a_{n+1},b_n)\)ڼ \(n\to\infty\) γɷ \(a=f(a,b),~b=g(a,b)\)һȻǣͨ÷鼴ɵó \(a,b\) ֵ֮
ȻʵвͨģΪڼ \(n\to\infty\) £\eqref{abndef} еĵʽ˻ΪĴ̣Ǿȼڴϵ \(a=b\)֮Ѱİ취ܹóĽе \(\{a_n\}\) \(\{b_n\}\) ͬһۣȴòڴ˼ֵϢΪ˱ϢĶʧDzòȡ \(n\to\infty\) ֮ǰֵ \eqref{abndef} ʽ
⡿ȣ \eqref{abndef} ʽɷóͨ \(a_n,b_n\) Ժȡֵͨ
\[
\frac{a_{n+1}}{b_{n+1}}=\sqrt{\frac{a_{n+1}}{b_n}}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}\left(1+\frac{a_n}{b_n}\right)}
\label{a/b}\tag{\$}
\]
\(a_0/b_0=\sqrt{3}/{2}<1\)ڹɷ \(a_n/b_n<1\) ° \eqref{a/b} ƶ \(a_{n+1}/b_{n+1}< \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}(1+1)}=1\)ʶ \(n\) \(0< a_n< b_n\)ǰǿ \(\theta_n\) ʹ \(\cos\theta_n=a_n/b_n~(n=0,1,2,\cdots)\)ر𣬵 \(n=0\) ʱ \(\theta_0=\arccos(\sqrt{3}/2)=\pi/6\)
ֽ \eqref{a/b} ʽȼ۵д
\[
\cos\theta_{n+1}=\sqrt{\frac{1+\cos\theta_n}{2}}=\cos\frac{\theta_n}{2}
\]
ʽݹȷ˸ \(\theta\) ֵ֮
\[
\theta_n=\frac{\theta_{n-1}}{2}=\frac{\theta_{n-2}}{2^2}=\cdots=\frac{\theta_0}{2^n}=\frac{\pi}{2^n\cdot 6}
\label{theta-sol}\tag{%}
\]
һ棬 \eqref{abndef} ɵ
\[
b_{n+1}^2-a_{n+1}^2=a_{n+1}(b_n-a_{n+1})=\frac{a_n+b_n}{2}\cdot\frac{b_n-a_n}{2}=\frac{b_n^2-a_n^2}{4}
\]
Ӹʽݹض
\[
\sqrt{b_n^2-a_n^2}=\frac{\sqrt{b_{n-1}^2-a_{n-1}^2}}{2}=\frac{\sqrt{b_{n-2}^2-a_{n-2}^2}}{2^2}=\cdots=\frac{\sqrt{b_0^2-a_0^2}}{2^n}=\frac{1}{2^n}
\]
\begin{align}
b_n&=\frac{1}{2^n\cdot\sqrt{1-(a_n/b_n)^2}}=\frac{1}{2^n\cdot\sqrt{1-\cos^2\theta_n}}=\frac{1}{2^n\sin\theta_n}=\frac{2^{-n}}{\sin(2^{-n}\cdot\theta_0)}
\\
a_n&=b_n\cos\theta_n=\frac{1}{2^n\tan\theta_n}=\frac{2^{-n}}{\tan(2^{-n}\cdot\theta_0)}
\end{align}
\(n\to\infty\)֪ļʽ \(\lim\limits_{\lambda\to 0}\dfrac{\sin(\lambda\theta)}{\lambda}=\lim\limits_{\lambda\to 0}\dfrac{\tan(\lambda \theta)}{\lambda}=\theta\)
\[
\fbox{\(\displaystyle\lim_{n\to\infty}a_n=\lim_{n\to\infty}b_n=\frac{1}{\theta_0}=\frac{6}{\pi}\)}
\]

