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պýɡ(Will Rogers) 170. If you are not brave enough, no one will back you up. 㲻¸ңûǿ171. If you don\\\\\\\\\\\'t build your dream, someone will hire you to build theirs. û룬ôֻΪ˵172. Beauty is all around, if you just open your heart to see. ֻҪԼᣬᷢԺ173. The difference in winning and losing is most often...not quitting. ƿһɶĶάΣ̥ǿ ƿ ƿ ĶάΡ۲ƿһƺƿƿƿཻģ仰˵ƿϵijЩƿϵijЩռάռеͬһλáǿѿƿάռ⣺ƿһάռвſֳ档һҪάռУֻý͵㣬ֵƺԼԼཻһƿƿǴ˵άռٺƿȦģƿڡŤȷƽϵߵĻôƺཻһƺֶϳءʵףͼʵάռеߡԼཻϵһߡƽһȻеάĻͿԴάܿԼֻཻΪҪڶάƽʱֻýһ㣬ཻ߶˵ӡƿҲһǿɴάռе档άռУʹܹɽҲòཻģͺĻңֽϻŤʱҲòǻཻģȤǣѿƿĶԳȥõĪ˹ڶάƴ ڶάƴ Ī˹ܹչһάռһάչ֮ռģ͡ĻƿֻΪչһάռжάչ֮ռģ͡IJοΪĪ˹ĹУҪֽ180㷭תβһάռµIJġάռжάչ֮ռģ͡ӦڶάУⷽǰԻصԭģͣƿȻڶάϿⷽǰֻضķϲŻصԭ㣬ֻһϣصԭ֮ǰᾭһԭ㡱ġάռжάչ֮ռģ͡ҲӦڶάϳκηǰȾһΡԭ㡱ٻصԭ㡣ģͣҪάռ϶άģͽŤѧһҪ֧СѧҪоͼı״ʱһЩɵģƿĪ˹ѧȤ֮һĪ˹ĸ㷺Ӧõ˽ҵСάռĿƿ ѧĶ༭ ƿΪ [0,1][0,1] ģȼ۹ϵ(0,y)~(1,y), 0y1 (x,0)~(1-x,1), 0x1 Mobius Band, ƿɶ Mobius Ƕ ƿֻǶάάռ䡣Ī˹༭ һֽһŤ180㣬ٺһճ͵õһĪ˹ģ͡ҲһֻĪ˹һ棬Ǻ桢̥Ϳƿͬǣбߣע⣬ֻһߣǰĪ˹Ψһıճ͵õһƿ Ī˹ Ī˹ ȻҪˣDZάռвпճϣĻͲòֽ˺һ㣩ͬأһƿʵؼǾܵõĪ˹濴Ŀƿģһֲ̫Ϊ֪ġ8Ρƿȫͬάռʵͬһ棭ƿʵϣ˵ƿһ3Ī˹֪ƽϻһԲԲڷһڶȿռнóͲòԽԲܡȿռУײԽԲܾͽóŵԲ⡣Ĺ켣ͬԭԲͶӰȿռУһάƿĪ˹Ī˹ָϵĪ˹һ£ǵ3ռУڲƵǵǰ´ӼȡƣĶȿռȴԡƵĹ켣ͬͶӰȿռУȻԿһƿ쾭༭ ȥ¹ѧҿˡܡ룬ѧĴƿƿӸûڡ֣֮۴ʲôط棬֮Ȼƿ棬ԣϾһڡĹŹִֶҵѾչ÷dzȽǣνġƿȴʼǴѧҿͷġ鹹첻ҵѧһΪѧҴȻȴǵһʧܽһʧܡҲΪʹ첻ƷһֽģҲĽ⣬ǿǸջֱ µоΪֱ920ڹ꣬[28] Ŀǰɹ۲ԼΪ138.2ꡣ[29] ״ ¶һ˸ߣʾ״ ¶һ˸ߣʾ״ [30] ĿǰΪ״ĸ״Դըۣͬһġ桱[31] ͬʱѧҲΪƽ̹ģֵĵ飬ƽ̹ģ2013ĵ鷢ƽ̹ģôֻ0.4%[32] ˹ٷҡʾ״һŵļͼΣӽڳʵͬĦġ˹ ϵ ϵ [33] ͼһ뷨ΪݣĿǰȻڼ֮Уδ֤״ӦֶǶģʽظֵŤ棬价ۣͬ˹ġԲμIVͼҲʦP.H. Smithġʷ˹Բͼƣֳ˫ռĸһַŷεĿռ̬[34] νṹ ѧоɹвνṹġ ײϵNGC 470NGC 474 ײϵNGC 470NGC 474 [35] ̬͡ġ˶չϵͳǡСǡǺ嶼Χ̫ת̫ϵ̫ϵҲϵͳԼ2500ڿ̫ĺǺǼʹɸϵͳϵϵֱԼ10̫꣬λϵһУԼ2.6ꡣϵƵϵͳΪϵϵĿǰ۲1000ڸϵѧҹ2ڸϵϵۼɴССļţϵšƽԣÿϵԼаϵֱǧꡣѷϵšϵԼ40ϵɵһСϵŽбϵȺԲϵHercules Aijڶ ԲϵHercules Aijڶ [36] ϵżһɵĸһεϵͳгϵšϵбⳤΣ䳤ɴڹꡣͨϵֻмϵţֻϵӵмʮϵšϵȺ丽Լ50ϵŹɵijϵŽϵšϵ ݿɷӳϵչ״̬кŶϵ˷࣬ԴԵؽϵֳԲϵϵϵϵͲϵ֡[37] ̫ϵ ̫ռ̫ϵ99.86%Լǿ NASA̫籩Ƭ NASA̫籩Ƭ [38] ̫ϵεΧʹDz벻ɢȻԼתͬʱ̫ΪһͨǣijԱŲϢϵ˶[39] ̫İ뾶Ϊ696000ǧףΪ1.98910^30kg¶Լ15000000 棬[40] һվ̫棬ôؽڵϵ20[41] ִƼ˵ݹ۲Ϻۼ㣬̫ϵԭʼǾǼ߽һСƣһʼתIJγ̫ⲿݻ̣ԺγǡĿǰִ˵ִڲͬѧɣЩѧ֮仹дһо֤ʵ[42] ̫ĵڶǣҹȽ[43] ûˮȱ̼ռ97%ϣһ20ǧ30ǧŨƣ¶ȴӲ400棬Ǹʵġ硣ǵĴѹǿΪ90൱ڵ900ʱѹǿǴҪɶ̼ɣʧصЧӦǵ½ǼҪԭڽûŲ㱣շŲдųͷŵľʹýǴȺݡѧΪϴݣɽȱˮ̼ijܴ֣ӶصЧӦԭ[44] ľ̫ǣһţ ľǼŷްͣľ ľǼŷްͣľ [45] ĺ2318ֱ142987km̬ûʵ棬90%10%ĺԭ֮, 75/25%ȣļ顢ˮˮ͡ʯͷɡγ̫ϵԭʼ̫ϵƵʮơľǿһʯʵںˣ൱1015ںǴֵʼأҺ̬ʽڡҺ̬ӻɣ̫ڲ¶ȵͶˣľǹ67ľľɽԶĴΪľʮľʮġľ塢ľʮ塢ľһľľľġľʮľľʮľߡľʮľʮһľ˺ľš[46] ˮӽ̫ǡˮǵİ뾶ԼΪ2440ڰ˴Сġˮҹ² 430 ȣԼɴ170 ȣ̫ϵ˴²һǡ[47] ˮǵdzϡˮDZ̫еԭӺӹɡ[48] ѧȷˮDZ溬зḻ̼Ϊ̼ˮDZʺɫԭˮDZʯɵٷֱȵʯī̼ɡ[49] š̽ڻDZɼ š̽ڻDZɼ [50] ǵĽڣ̫ϵĿǡֱ6794kmΪ15%Ϊ11%DZһ磬ж̼ռ95%ǴʮϡܶȻ1%»DZ¶ȼͣٳ0棬ҹ¶ɴﵽ-123档DZΪɫǣΪ沼ֳɫĴֵǺдĺɫĴɳĮɫʯغ̵ϳҵĴ磬ɳγɿԸǻȫشɳÿɳɳڡıںͻǴкˮݡӻDZõ֤̽ԶʱڣйҺ̬ˮˮر[51] ̫ǣֱ120536NľǡҪɣĺԪأڲĺİʯͱΧš13ڹǵȵǿ2.5ܹǣ̫ϵǣʹһԲУ̫ʵ룬ܡǹб20ȽʹȽǹӽ̫ͬʱ⽫»ȫ뿪̫ϵ[52] ֪ΨһܶСˮǣܹǷһԡ֮УƯһĴȦһŰĴ㣬ķٿɴ1800ǧ/ʱڻе31м䣬һţˮǺҲ̫ϵΨһӵŨǡ[53] ̫߿ǣ51118kmԼΪ65ھŴнľǺǡǵĴ83%⣬15%Ϊ2%ΪԼȲ̼⻯ϲļպ⣬ʹdzɫڹ̶γȼƲ㣬ľǺγ״ɫƲƽ¶Ϊ193϶ȡΪ8.681013102⁵kg൱ڵ14.63ܶȽСֻ1.24/ףΪֵܶ74.7%[54] ̫ĵڰ˿ǣֱ49532ǧס̫תĹ뾶Ϊ45ǧףתһҪ165ꡣǵֱƣԴһЩǺǵҪɷֶͺڲṹҲΪ˵һֵܡ[55] ̫ϵǿҵķ磬ʱٸߴ2100ƶ¶ǣ218 C̫ϵĵ֮һǺĵ¶ԼΪ7000 CԺ̫ıȽϡ1846923ձ֣ΨһѧԤмƻĹ۲ֵⷢǡ[56] ڤǣλںĿڲ࣬ǿ֪塣[57] ֱԼΪ237020kmǵֱ18.5%[58] 2006824գѧϻ24ͶƱٽͳŴ֮һڤΪǣ롰ǡͨľ涨ǡָΧ̫תԿ˷ʹԲ״ܹ塣̫ϵͳġŴǡУֻˮǡǡǡľǡǡǺͺǷЩҪڤ뺣ǵĹཻµǶ壬˱ԶΪǡ[59] ڤǵı¶ȴ-238-228֮䡣ڤǵijɷ70%ʯ30%ˮ϶ɵġرϹIJֿܸһЩ嵪Լ ɼ ɼ [60] Ĺһ̼ڤDZĺڰֿһЩлʻĹ⻯ѧӦڤǵĴҪɵһ̼ɡϡѹǿֻ[61] ̫ǣļ磬̫ܵϵһͨǣ涼Ƕһġ磬̫ϵΨһһֱˮǵǣҲĿǰ֪ΨһһڵM=5.9742 10^24 ¶ȣt = - 30 +45[62] ӢԱڡѧ־ϱ˵ûСײȿܾҸı价¼סʱ仹ʣԼ17.5꣬Ϊɵ仯һʱ䡣[63] ɻҳͱɵ̫ϵеһС壬˶[64] ѧʹ̽ǵĻѧзҪɷΪ顢⡢軯ͼȩѧҵó۳ƣǵζdzƾͿʵζۺϡ[65-66] 67P/Ī-ϣſˡ 67P/Ī-ϣſˡ [67] ̫ϵΧһӴġ¶ơڷֲŲı顢ѩźʯеijЩ̫Ӱ̫ϵǡЩ顢ѩźʯ̫ϵڲ̫ĴʼӷǶһβͣԽ̫βԽԽԡ̫ϵڵǼʿռ䲢յģdz˸ӡߡͳ[68] һƲΪ̫50500ĵλһλ̫ϵľͷDZʲƬɵľλںǹ֮⣬̫ϵԵ[69] ʶ ǣһźǶȹ׳ڡǽΣʱȱΪһźǡΪǡͻھǽΣǵ͵ʮڱ֮ࡣΪ족ǣΪѸ͵ͬʱԽԽԶ¶Ƚ֮ͣĹҲԽԽƫ졣Ȼ¶ȽһЩɺǵ֮ĹҲúܴΪһγɣͳǵһΰװǽ[70] װǣһֵȡܶȡ¶ȵĺǡΪɫʰɫȽϰС˱ΪװǡԶ۲װ Զ۲װ [71] װһֺ壬Сȵͣܶȼߡװеĺǵݻ·ߵյ㡣ںǽεĩڣǵĻΪ¶ȡѹߺ˾۱ﵽζֹͣǵѹDzһܶȵ塣һ͵ȶװǾдԼ̫ȵԴܶȽǺͿǡװǵ1.4̫ôԭӺ֮ĵɳԶԿӻᱻѹԭӺ˶γǡԭӶ㣬Ʋڵλãһ˲Ĵ졣һʱģͿһ̶ȷԤʵҲһá˵еı־ģͣϾܸĹ۲ƴճģͨΪع涨ֵ֡ĴСٶȣʹģͺʵȡһ¡ǣͺڣŹ۲IJϸĽλú˶IJԽԽȷ۲ʵλͬģ͵ļƫ¶ˡǣŷ˵Dzûʶڵ˵Ĵɵģȴӱֵİ취ȵ˵ְ취ǿӦСӵ80Բؼǵȷλáⲻܲʹ˻ɵ˵ȷˡ16ͣڳĵض۵ĹϣȱͬʱѧߵĻϣڴˡ˵Ӵˣ˵̭ˡ˵,˵ԵΪ,˵̫Ϊġ༭ 1499꣬ҵIJǴѧ̽ʿص常һ常ߴ ˵ ˵ £Ƿű̴õ̡ᵱʱסڽõĶ¥˿ԳڽĹ۲⡣Ǹʱŵ1500ǰϣѧܴģʽΪҾֹա¡ǺͺǾΧƵ˶Զλ̫֮⡣Ȼϸ۲⣬ѧǷйܵģʽǺϡһЩѧܵѧ˵ԭеĹС˸йһģʽÿǶһСԲУСŸǵĴƵԲ˶֮һģʽ©ԽԽԡѧģʽǾһһĹԲ˶áִ16͵ģĽܵIJȡһЩСڳ20ʱҹǵλãõĽȻܵģʽûжٲ𡣸֪һŵϹ۲Щǵʲôġ룬ȷһͷУôЩǵпȥʲôأһԺˡһڲͬʱ䡢ͬľӵϹ۲ǣÿһǵͬʶλǹġ20Ĺ۲⣬ᷢΨ̫仯ԡζŵ̫ľʼûиı䡣ģôľ̫ķֲʹţȷ˶ɺɡϵȻʱIJͲܲܵʱơѧIJԣͬʱڸijЩ۵ϣϵǴȱݵġָǾһСķΧڵģ˵ṹǽ֪̫ϵ̫ΪĵϵͳȻģͱı߽磬Ȼõġ족ȴһ죬رǷ⣬ʵźġǡȻֻܰνԲι˶ԸϵȻŲ塣ΪȻѧĵˣʷΰġȷϵģ֮һӶһѧϸԵĸ̽·ϵ̱ΰɾͣƽͨѧĵ·ҿȻѧǰʱӸʱ̻Ȼѧѧʼ÷ԾķչĿѧɾͣʱIJתƶʱķչ˳Ӧʱ仯 ʮ塢͵ŷޣǴӷ⽨ʱתĹؼʱڣһ䣬ᷢ˾ı仯14ǰŷޣķѵСǰųйҵرDzɿұҵķչӿ˵ĴУСǰɹҵơ 15ĩҶﶼ˻뼯Ȩľ塣ʱIJƷĴУҲֹҵʢijС1526鲢ڲĻɳѳΪһҪҵΡĻ͵ģ16ĩ˲ҵξñӦĻѧҲʼӳʱŷǡ̺һ͢ңʥΪϵΥʥѧ˵Ϊа˵ǷȨͳεˣԻ̡˵ʲΪԼͷչһԷ⽨ƶȺͽ̻˼Ķ˼ʹõսδѧȾ۵Ĺϣѧѧաŷո˶ոȷܿŷҡͬʱҵĻԾҲٽ˶óķչڡƽʹ£ŷðԶޡӡȼԶԶҪḻĺ͵֪ʶʵлĹ۲ϣʹǸеʱеġؾ춯ѧ˵ֵûɣҪǽһȥ̽ܣӶƽѧ͵ѧķչ1492꣬ĺҸײ´½ͬƵһܣ֤Բεģʹǿʼʶ[4] Ӱ ڽ̻ܿµͣҲҵڽ̸Ϊ̵ĺܶ岻ʥĽ̻壬̫̻ʵĸ־ԼѧҵɹԺܶͽʼ̵Ľ֯عʥжݿ˵İߡѧУ˹13691415꣩ھʿ̹ڽ̻ϹǴ־⽨̻Խݿ˵ѹȺͰȻ̻ᴦԻ̣ĸǿҵķӦݿũں˹˵¾壬˶Ҳ1517꣬ڵ¹·£14831546꣩Խ̻̻᷷ʹѡ1521꣬·ֶķϽ¶͢½̵š½̵Ľõҵ֧֣Ҳ
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պýɡ(Will Rogers) 170. If you are not brave enough, no one will back you up. 㲻¸ңûǿ171. If you don\\\\\\\\\\\'t build your dream, someone will hire you to build theirs. û룬ôֻΪ˵172. Beauty is all around, if you just open your heart to see. ֻҪԼᣬᷢԺ173. The difference in winning and losing is most often...not quitting. ƿһɶĶάΣ̥ǿ ƿ ƿ ĶάΡ۲ƿһƺƿƿƿཻģ仰˵ƿϵijЩƿϵijЩռάռеͬһλáǿѿƿάռ⣺ƿһάռвſֳ档һҪάռУֻý͵㣬ֵƺԼԼཻһƿƿǴ˵άռٺƿȦģƿڡŤȷƽϵߵĻôƺཻһƺֶϳءʵףͼʵάռеߡԼཻϵһߡƽһȻеάĻͿԴάܿԼֻཻΪҪڶάƽʱֻýһ㣬ཻ߶˵ӡƿҲһǿɴάռе档άռУʹܹɽҲòཻģͺĻңֽϻŤʱҲòǻཻģȤǣѿƿĶԳȥõĪ˹ڶάƴ ڶάƴ Ī˹ܹչһάռһάչ֮ռģ͡ĻƿֻΪչһάռжάչ֮ռģ͡IJοΪĪ˹ĹУҪֽ180㷭תβһάռµIJġάռжάչ֮ռģ͡ӦڶάУⷽǰԻصԭģͣƿȻڶάϿⷽǰֻضķϲŻصԭ㣬ֻһϣصԭ֮ǰᾭһԭ㡱ġάռжάչ֮ռģ͡ҲӦڶάϳκηǰȾһΡԭ㡱ٻصԭ㡣ģͣҪάռ϶άģͽŤѧһҪ֧СѧҪоͼı״ʱһЩɵģƿĪ˹ѧȤ֮һĪ˹ĸ㷺Ӧõ˽ҵСάռĿƿ ѧĶ༭ ƿΪ [0,1][0,1] ģȼ۹ϵ(0,y)~(1,y), 0y1 (x,0)~(1-x,1), 0x1 Mobius Band, ƿɶ Mobius Ƕ ƿֻǶάάռ䡣Ī˹༭ һֽһŤ180㣬ٺһճ͵õһĪ˹ģ͡ҲһֻĪ˹һ棬Ǻ桢̥Ϳƿͬǣбߣע⣬ֻһߣǰĪ˹Ψһıճ͵õһƿ Ī˹ Ī˹ ȻҪˣDZάռвпճϣĻͲòֽ˺һ㣩ͬأһƿʵؼǾܵõĪ˹濴Ŀƿģһֲ̫Ϊ֪ġ8Ρƿȫͬάռʵͬһ棭ƿʵϣ˵ƿһ3Ī˹֪ƽϻһԲԲڷһڶȿռнóͲòԽԲܡȿռУײԽԲܾͽóŵԲ⡣Ĺ켣ͬԭԲͶӰȿռУһάƿĪ˹Ī˹ָϵĪ˹һ£ǵ3ռУڲƵǵǰ´ӼȡƣĶȿռȴԡƵĹ켣ͬͶӰȿռУȻԿһƿ쾭༭ ȥ¹ѧҿˡܡ룬ѧĴƿƿӸûڡ֣֮۴ʲôط棬֮Ȼƿ棬ԣϾһڡĹŹִֶҵѾչ÷dzȽǣνġƿȴʼǴѧҿͷġ鹹첻ҵѧһΪѧҴȻȴǵһʧܽһʧܡҲΪʹ첻ƷһֽģҲĽ⣬ǿǸջֱ µоΪֱ920ڹ꣬[28] Ŀǰɹ۲ԼΪ138.2ꡣ[29] ״ ¶һ˸ߣʾ״ ¶һ˸ߣʾ״ [30] ĿǰΪ״ĸ״Դըۣͬһġ桱[31] ͬʱѧҲΪƽ̹ģֵĵ飬ƽ̹ģ2013ĵ鷢ƽ̹ģôֻ0.4%[32] ˹ٷҡʾ״һŵļͼΣӽڳʵͬĦġ˹ ϵ ϵ [33] ͼһ뷨ΪݣĿǰȻڼ֮Уδ֤״ӦֶǶģʽظֵŤ棬价ۣͬ˹ġԲμIVͼҲʦP.H. Smithġʷ˹Բͼƣֳ˫ռĸһַŷεĿռ̬[34] νṹ ѧоɹвνṹġ ײϵNGC 470NGC 474 ײϵNGC 470NGC 474 [35] ̬͡ġ˶չϵͳǡСǡǺ嶼Χ̫ת̫ϵ̫ϵҲϵͳԼ2500ڿ̫ĺǺǼʹɸϵͳϵϵֱԼ10̫꣬λϵһУԼ2.6ꡣϵƵϵͳΪϵϵĿǰ۲1000ڸϵѧҹ2ڸϵϵۼɴССļţϵšƽԣÿϵԼаϵֱǧꡣѷϵšϵԼ40ϵɵһСϵŽбϵȺԲϵHercules Aijڶ ԲϵHercules Aijڶ [36] ϵżһɵĸһεϵͳгϵšϵбⳤΣ䳤ɴڹꡣͨϵֻмϵţֻϵӵмʮϵšϵȺ丽Լ50ϵŹɵijϵŽϵšϵ ݿɷӳϵչ״̬кŶϵ˷࣬ԴԵؽϵֳԲϵϵϵϵͲϵ֡[37] ̫ϵ ̫ռ̫ϵ99.86%Լǿ NASA̫籩Ƭ NASA̫籩Ƭ [38] ̫ϵεΧʹDz벻ɢȻԼתͬʱ̫ΪһͨǣijԱŲϢϵ˶[39] ̫İ뾶Ϊ696000ǧףΪ1.98910^30kg¶Լ15000000 棬[40] һվ̫棬ôؽڵϵ20[41] ִƼ˵ݹ۲Ϻۼ㣬̫ϵԭʼǾǼ߽һСƣһʼתIJγ̫ⲿݻ̣ԺγǡĿǰִ˵ִڲͬѧɣЩѧ֮仹дһо֤ʵ[42] ̫ĵڶǣҹȽ[43] ûˮȱ̼ռ97%ϣһ20ǧ30ǧŨƣ¶ȴӲ400棬Ǹʵġ硣ǵĴѹǿΪ90൱ڵ900ʱѹǿǴҪɶ̼ɣʧصЧӦǵ½ǼҪԭڽûŲ㱣շŲдųͷŵľʹýǴȺݡѧΪϴݣɽȱˮ̼ijܴ֣ӶصЧӦԭ[44] ľ̫ǣһţ ľǼŷްͣľ ľǼŷްͣľ [45] ĺ2318ֱ142987km̬ûʵ棬90%10%ĺԭ֮, 75/25%ȣļ顢ˮˮ͡ʯͷɡγ̫ϵԭʼ̫ϵƵʮơľǿһʯʵںˣ൱1015ںǴֵʼأҺ̬ʽڡҺ̬ӻɣ̫ڲ¶ȵͶˣľǹ67ľľɽԶĴΪľʮľʮġľ塢ľʮ塢ľһľľľġľʮľľʮľߡľʮľʮһľ˺ľš[46] ˮӽ̫ǡˮǵİ뾶ԼΪ2440ڰ˴Сġˮҹ² 430 ȣԼɴ170 ȣ̫ϵ˴²һǡ[47] ˮǵdzϡˮDZ̫еԭӺӹɡ[48] ѧȷˮDZ溬зḻ̼Ϊ̼ˮDZʺɫԭˮDZʯɵٷֱȵʯī̼ɡ[49] š̽ڻDZɼ š̽ڻDZɼ [50] ǵĽڣ̫ϵĿǡֱ6794kmΪ15%Ϊ11%DZһ磬ж̼ռ95%ǴʮϡܶȻ1%»DZ¶ȼͣٳ0棬ҹ¶ɴﵽ-123档DZΪɫǣΪ沼ֳɫĴֵǺдĺɫĴɳĮɫʯغ̵ϳҵĴ磬ɳγɿԸǻȫشɳÿɳɳڡıںͻǴкˮݡӻDZõ֤̽ԶʱڣйҺ̬ˮˮر[51] ̫ǣֱ120536NľǡҪɣĺԪأڲĺİʯͱΧš13ڹǵȵǿ2.5ܹǣ̫ϵǣʹһԲУ̫ʵ룬ܡǹб20ȽʹȽǹӽ̫ͬʱ⽫»ȫ뿪̫ϵ[52] ֪ΨһܶСˮǣܹǷһԡ֮УƯһĴȦһŰĴ㣬ķٿɴ1800ǧ/ʱڻе31м䣬һţˮǺҲ̫ϵΨһӵŨǡ[53] ̫߿ǣ51118kmԼΪ65ھŴнľǺǡǵĴ83%⣬15%Ϊ2%ΪԼȲ̼⻯ϲļպ⣬ʹdzɫڹ̶γȼƲ㣬ľǺγ״ɫƲƽ¶Ϊ193϶ȡΪ8.681013102⁵kg൱ڵ14.63ܶȽСֻ1.24/ףΪֵܶ74.7%[54] ̫ĵڰ˿ǣֱ49532ǧס̫תĹ뾶Ϊ45ǧףתһҪ165ꡣǵֱƣԴһЩǺǵҪɷֶͺڲṹҲΪ˵һֵܡ[55] ̫ϵǿҵķ磬ʱٸߴ2100ƶ¶ǣ218 C̫ϵĵ֮һǺĵ¶ԼΪ7000 CԺ̫ıȽϡ1846923ձ֣ΨһѧԤмƻĹ۲ֵⷢǡ[56] ڤǣλںĿڲ࣬ǿ֪塣[57] ֱԼΪ237020kmǵֱ18.5%[58] 2006824գѧϻ24ͶƱٽͳŴ֮һڤΪǣ롰ǡͨľ涨ǡָΧ̫תԿ˷ʹԲ״ܹ塣̫ϵͳġŴǡУֻˮǡǡǡľǡǡǺͺǷЩҪڤ뺣ǵĹཻµǶ壬˱ԶΪǡ[59] ڤǵı¶ȴ-238-228֮䡣ڤǵijɷ70%ʯ30%ˮ϶ɵġرϹIJֿܸһЩ嵪Լ ɼ ɼ [60] Ĺһ̼ڤDZĺڰֿһЩлʻĹ⻯ѧӦڤǵĴҪɵһ̼ɡϡѹǿֻ[61] ̫ǣļ磬̫ܵϵһͨǣ涼Ƕһġ磬̫ϵΨһһֱˮǵǣҲĿǰ֪ΨһһڵM=5.9742 10^24 ¶ȣt = - 30 +45[62] ӢԱڡѧ־ϱ˵ûСײȿܾҸı价¼סʱ仹ʣԼ17.5꣬Ϊɵ仯һʱ䡣[63] ɻҳͱɵ̫ϵеһС壬˶[64] ѧʹ̽ǵĻѧзҪɷΪ顢⡢軯ͼȩѧҵó۳ƣǵζdzƾͿʵζۺϡ[65-66] 67P/Ī-ϣſˡ 67P/Ī-ϣſˡ [67] ̫ϵΧһӴġ¶ơڷֲŲı顢ѩźʯеijЩ̫Ӱ̫ϵǡЩ顢ѩźʯ̫ϵڲ̫ĴʼӷǶһβͣԽ̫βԽԽԡ̫ϵڵǼʿռ䲢յģdz˸ӡߡͳ[68] һƲΪ̫50500ĵλһλ̫ϵľͷDZʲƬɵľλںǹ֮⣬̫ϵԵ[69] ʶ ǣһźǶȹ׳ڡǽΣʱȱΪһźǡΪǡͻھǽΣǵ͵ʮڱ֮ࡣΪ족ǣΪѸ͵ͬʱԽԽԶ¶Ƚ֮ͣĹҲԽԽƫ졣Ȼ¶ȽһЩɺǵ֮ĹҲúܴΪһγɣͳǵһΰװǽ[70] װǣһֵȡܶȡ¶ȵĺǡΪɫʰɫȽϰС˱ΪװǡԶ۲װ Զ۲װ [71] װһֺ壬Сȵͣܶȼߡװеĺǵݻ·ߵյ㡣ںǽεĩڣǵĻΪ¶ȡѹߺ˾۱ﵽζֹͣǵѹDzһܶȵ塣һ͵ȶװǾдԼ̫ȵԴܶȽǺͿǡװǵ1.4̫ôԭӺ֮ĵɳԶԿӻᱻѹԭӺ˶γǡԭӶ㣬Ʋڵλãһ˲Ĵ졣һʱģͿһ̶ȷԤʵҲһá˵еı־ģͣϾܸĹ۲ƴճģͨΪع涨ֵ֡ĴСٶȣʹģͺʵȡһ¡ǣͺڣŹ۲IJϸĽλú˶IJԽԽȷ۲ʵλͬģ͵ļƫ¶ˡǣŷ˵Dzûʶڵ˵Ĵɵģȴӱֵİ취ȵ˵ְ취ǿӦСӵ80Բؼǵȷλáⲻܲʹ˻ɵ˵ȷˡ16ͣڳĵض۵ĹϣȱͬʱѧߵĻϣڴˡ˵Ӵˣ˵̭ˡ˵,˵ԵΪ,˵̫Ϊġ༭ 1499꣬ҵIJǴѧ̽ʿص常һ常ߴ ˵ ˵ £Ƿű̴õ̡ᵱʱסڽõĶ¥˿ԳڽĹ۲⡣Ǹʱŵ1500ǰϣѧܴģʽΪҾֹա¡ǺͺǾΧƵ˶Զλ̫֮⡣Ȼϸ۲⣬ѧǷйܵģʽǺϡһЩѧܵѧ˵ԭеĹС˸йһģʽÿǶһСԲУСŸǵĴƵԲ˶֮һģʽ©ԽԽԡѧģʽǾһһĹԲ˶áִ16͵ģĽܵIJȡһЩСڳ20ʱҹǵλãõĽȻܵģʽûжٲ𡣸֪һŵϹ۲Щǵʲôġ룬ȷһͷУôЩǵпȥʲôأһԺˡһڲͬʱ䡢ͬľӵϹ۲ǣÿһǵͬʶλǹġ20Ĺ۲⣬ᷢΨ̫仯ԡζŵ̫ľʼûиı䡣ģôľ̫ķֲʹţȷ˶ɺɡϵȻʱIJͲܲܵʱơѧIJԣͬʱڸijЩ۵ϣϵǴȱݵġָǾһСķΧڵģ˵ṹǽ֪̫ϵ̫ΪĵϵͳȻģͱı߽磬Ȼõġ족ȴһ죬رǷ⣬ʵźġǡȻֻܰνԲι˶ԸϵȻŲ塣ΪȻѧĵˣʷΰġȷϵģ֮һӶһѧϸԵĸ̽·ϵ̱ΰɾͣƽͨѧĵ·ҿȻѧǰʱӸʱ̻Ȼѧѧʼ÷ԾķչĿѧɾͣʱIJתƶʱķչ˳Ӧʱ仯 ʮ塢͵ŷޣǴӷ⽨ʱתĹؼʱڣһ䣬ᷢ˾ı仯14ǰŷޣķѵСǰųйҵرDzɿұҵķչӿ˵ĴУСǰɹҵơ 15ĩҶﶼ˻뼯Ȩľ塣ʱIJƷĴУҲֹҵʢijС1526鲢ڲĻɳѳΪһҪҵΡĻ͵ģ16ĩ˲ҵξñӦĻѧҲʼӳʱŷǡ̺һ͢ңʥΪϵΥʥѧ˵Ϊа˵ǷȨͳεˣԻ̡˵ʲΪԼͷչһԷ⽨ƶȺͽ̻˼Ķ˼ʹõսδѧȾ۵Ĺϣѧѧաŷո˶ոȷܿŷҡͬʱҵĻԾҲٽ˶óķչڡƽʹ£ŷðԶޡӡȼԶԶҪḻĺ͵֪ʶʵлĹ۲ϣʹǸеʱеġؾ춯ѧ˵ֵûɣҪǽһȥ̽ܣӶƽѧ͵ѧķչ1492꣬ĺҸײ´½ͬƵһܣ֤Բεģʹǿʼʶ[4] Ӱ ڽ̻ܿµͣҲҵڽ̸Ϊ̵ĺܶ岻ʥĽ̻壬̫̻ʵĸ־ԼѧҵɹԺܶͽʼ̵Ľ֯عʥжݿ˵İߡѧУ˹13691415꣩ھʿ̹ڽ̻ϹǴ־⽨̻Խݿ˵ѹȺͰȻ̻ᴦԻ̣ĸǿҵķӦݿũں˹˵¾壬˶Ҳ1517꣬ڵ¹·£14831546꣩Խ̻̻᷷ʹѡ1521꣬·ֶķϽ¶͢½̵š½̵Ľõҵ֧֣Ҳ
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ġýҪǿýҪҪѵͷԣҪֿʵԭҪ֤ؿ֮ϵҪḺ𣬱磬ýȫ汨涫ȴӶǿʵ?˶ڿɣë¼ϵϣȫֿ¼ȴƽܣⲻֵǷ˼?
塢ǿý۵쵼,Ҫ˲ץ𣬸УרҵģһҪѧȷ˼ʶȷλ"",˼Ϳҵ,ڸУ˲ŵɳɲУרҵȥУŽʦý뵳ڡ
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ԵҡԾй˵һشϢһ쵳ʶ˷ηë۵ľΣԣȡĽѵʼʶ̬Ĺ
ܷ͵¶ë˼ָλ쵼ȷIJ涨,,άë˼ָλ,ά,ִܷ°µǰ,ͬʱҲϾҰԸ
θýԼĿ䣬ֹ״ֻڽǰųֹйѾ30ꡣ80ڣʲɻ˼ģ˼ԭľߣ漴Ϊ""۵ijֶԭΪһֽġëϣýΧ˷ɱë˼ֵ۵ۣеŽ͵㣬ִĺϷܵϾսҺҲѾ᧿Σ
ëйлҪߣΰ䣬ʼռᶨƵվڵϣΪıҸëȥ40йȻĸԭ뿪ë˼ͲйĵͲܵӵˣȫ干˱ѵʶëǷضë;ëǷҲضë
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